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一、卷积层、池化层的一般设置

1、卷积层

滤波器数量逐渐增加，kernel_size范围2*2~5*5，一般设置为2*2，strides设置为1， padding='same'，并在最后添加Relu激活。如果对于第一层，还要增加input_shape。

深度从输入层的3，变成16，再到32，再到64，维度越来越大。深度要更深，于是我们考虑减少宽度、高度。

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, Densemodel = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))model.summary()

 

2、池化层

这时，池化层上场。一般设置pool_size=2, stride=2，这样正好pool输出的宽和高都是输入的一半。

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2Dmodel = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))model.summary()

 

3、扁平，全连接层概率判断

当信息不再具有空间关系，而是变成不同属性，则可以进行扁平，并通过全连接层进行概率预测。

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, Densemodel = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(500, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dense(10, activation='softmax'))model.summary()

 

二、CIFAR-10图像库介绍

  CIFAR10数据集包含有5万张32*32的训练彩色图，共标记了超过10个分类；还有1万张测试图片。

 

三、MLP实现CIFAR10图像库分类

1 加载CIFAR10数据库

import keras
from keras.datasets import cifar10
(x_train, y_train),(x_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data()
print(x_train.shape)
print(x_test.shape)

2 可视化前36幅图像

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inlinefig = plt.figure(figsize=(20,5))
for i in range(36):ax = fig.add_subplot(3, 12, i + 1, xticks=[], yticks=[])ax.imshow(np.squeeze(x_train[i]))

3 归一化

x_train = x_train.astype('float32')/255
x_test = x_test.astype('float32')/255

4 切分训练集、验证集、测试集

from keras.utils import np_utils
num_classes = len(np.unique(y_train))
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)(x_train, x_valid) = x_train[5000:], x_train[:5000]
(y_train, y_valid) = y_train[5000:], y_train[:5000]print('x_train shape:', x_train.shape)print(x_train.shape[0], 'train examples')
print(x_valid.shape[0], 'valid examples')
print(x_test.shape[0], 'test examples')

5 定义模型

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Dense, Dropout, Flattenmodel = Sequential()
model.add(Flatten(input_shape = x_train.shape[1:]))
model.add(Dense(1000, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.2))
model.add(Dense(512, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.2))
model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))model.summary()

6 编译模型

model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop', metrics=['accuracy'])

7 训练模型

from keras.callbacks import ModelCheckpointcheckpoint = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='MLP.weights.best.hdf5', verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
hist = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=20, validation_data=(x_valid, y_valid), callbacks=[checkpoint],verbose=2, shuffle=True)

多个epoch，通过checkpoint选择validation_error最小的epoch时的模型参数。就是下面的意图：

 

 

8 加载在验证集上分类正确率最高的一组模型参数

 

model.load_weights('MLP.weights.best.hdf5')

9 测试集上计算分类正确率

score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
print('\n', 'Test accuracy:', score[1])

我们看到，MLP的正确率只有40%，接下来看看CNN可以达到多少。

 

四、CNN实现CIFAR10图像库分类

1-9个步骤中，就第5步不一样，另外新增了第10个步骤可视化。

1 加载CIFAR10数据库

import keras
from keras.datasets import cifar10(x_train, y_train),(x_test, y_test) = cifar10.load_data()

2 可视化前36幅图像

import numpy as np
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
%matplotlib inline fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20*5))
for i in range(36):ax = fig.add_sbuplot(3, 12, i+1, xticks=[], yticks=[])ax.imshow(np.squeeze(x_train[i]))

3 归一化

x_train = x_train.astype('float32')/255
x_test = x_test.astype('float32')/255

4 切分训练集、验证集、测试集

from keras.utils import np_utils
num_classes = len(np.unique(y_train))
y_train = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_train, num_classes)
y_test = keras.utils.to_categorical(y_test, num_classes)(x_train, x_valid) = x_train[5000:], x_train[:5000]
(y_train, y_valid) = y_train[5000:], y_train[:5000]print('x_train shape:', x_train.shape)print(x_train.shape[0], 'train examples')
print(x_valid.shape[0], 'valid examples')
print(x_test.shape[0], 'test examples')

5 定义模型

from keras.models import Sequential
from keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Flatten, Dense, Dropoutmodel = Sequential()
model.add(Conv2D(filters=16, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu', input_shape=(32,32,3)))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=32, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Conv2D(filters=64, kernel_size=2, padding='same', activation='relu'))
model.add(MaxPooling2D(pool_size=2))
model.add(Dropout(0.3))
model.add(Flatten())
model.add(Dense(500, activation='relu'))
model.add(Dropout(0.4))
model.add(Dense(num_classes, activation='softmax'))model.summary()

CNN的参数为52万多，而之前MLP有359万多，参数少了1个数量级。

 

6 编译模型

model.compile(loss='categorical_crossentropy', optimizer='rmsprop', metrics=['accuracy'])

7 训练模型

from keras.callbacks import ModelCheckpointcheckpoint = ModelCheckpoint(filepath='MLP.weights.best.hdf5', verbose=1, save_best_only=True)
hist = model.fit(x_train, y_train, batch_size=32, epochs=20, validation_data=(x_valid, y_valid), callbacks=[checkpoint],verbose=2, shuffle=True)

可以看到，每个epoch的运算速度比之前快了1倍。

 

8 加载在验证集上分类正确率最高的一组模型参数

model.load_weights('MLP.weights.best.hdf5')

9 测试集上计算分类正确率

score = model.evaluate(x_test, y_test, verbose=0)
print('\n', 'Test accuracy:', score[1])

测试准确率比之前的40%多提高了接近50%，当然还可以通过修改参数来优化网络结构。

 

10 可视化部分预测

y_hat = model.predict(x_test)
cifar10_labels = ['airplane', 'automobile', 'bird', 'cat', 'deer', 'dog', 'frog', 'horse', 'ship', 'truck']

fig = plt.figure(figsize=(20, 8))
for i, idx in enumerate(np.random.choice(x_test.shape[0], size=32, replace=False)):ax = fig.add_subplot(4, 8, i + 1, xticks=[], yticks=[])ax.imshow(np.squeeze(x_test[idx]))pred_idx = np.argmax(y_hat[idx])true_idx = np.argmax(y_test[idx])ax.set_title("{} ({})".format(cifar10_labels[pred_idx], cifar10_labels[true_idx]),color=("green" if pred_idx == true_idx else "red"))

 

五、kaggle竞赛最优结果，正确率达到95%以上

http://blog.kaggle.com/2015/01/02/cifar-10-competition-winners-interviews-with-dr-ben-graham-phil-culliton-zygmunt-zajac/

2015年，GPU训练时间：90小时，测试正确率：95%以上